Iraqi Postgraduate Medical Journal

Current Issue

By Issue

By Author

By Subject

Author Index

Keyword Index

About Journal

Aims and Scope

Editorial Board

Publication Ethics

Indexing and Abstracting

Related Links

FAQ

Peer Review Process

Journal Metrics

News

Viral load, T-Cells Count, and T-cells SARS-CoV-2 Cross-Reactivity Constitute a Triad Governing the Varied Prognosis of COVID-19

    Authors

    1 Medical Microbiology Department, College of Medicine, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad, Iraq.

    2 Medical Microbiology Department, College of Medicine, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq.

,

Document Type : Review Paper

Abstract

The novel coronavirus disease, COVID-19, impose a challenge on scientists and physicians in terms of understanding the phases of viral pathogenesis and host immunopathogenesis that lead to the fatal complications of the disease. Three pillars have been thought to play essential role in determining the prognosis of COVID-19, namely the viral load of SARS-CoV-2, the count and functionality of T lymphocytes and the crossreactivity of T lymphocytes with common cold coronaviruses. Collectively, these three factors might constitute a triad governs the time-based and phase-based progression of COVID-19
patients. This review discusses the role of this triad in COVID-19 and presents the so far accumulated knowledge and research that justify the central role of this triad of factors in disease prognosis. Understanding the factors control disease progression is most important in helping physicians to treat the multi-phased host-microbe disease.

Keywords

References
  1. Perelson AS, Ribeiro RM. Introduction to modeling viral infections and immunity. Immunol Rev. 2018; 285: 5-8.
  2. Canini L, Perelson AS. Viral kinetic modeling: state of the art. J PharmacokinetPharmacodyn. 2014;41:431-43.
  3. Hirano N, Fujiwara K, Matumoto M. Mouse hepatitis virus (MHV-2) Jap J Microbiol. 1976;20: 219–25.
  4. Schneider M, Ackermann K, Stuart M, et al. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus replication is severely impaired by MG132 due to proteasome-independent inhibition of M-calpain. J Virology. 2012;86:10112–22. 
  5. Harcourt J, Tamin A, Xi L, et al. Isolation and characterization of SARS-CoV-2 from the first US COVID-19 patient. bioRxiv. 2020.
  6. Sanders JM, Monogue ML, Jodlowski TZ, et al. Pharmacologic treatments for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): a review. JAMA. 2020; Published online ahead of print. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32282022.
  7. Siddiqi HK, Mehra MR. COVID-19 illness in native and immunosuppressed states: a clinical-therapeutic staging proposal. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2020;39:405-7.
  8. Rouse, B., Sehrawat, S. Immunity and immunopathology to viruses: what decides the outcome?. Nat Rev Immunol. 2010; 10: 514–26.
  9. Kuldeep D, Sharun K, Ruchi T, et al. Coronavirus Disease 2019–COVID-19. Clinical Microbiol Rev. 2020; 33: e00028-20.
  10. Ulrich H, Pillat MM. CD147 as a Target for COVID-19 Treatment: Suggested Effects of Azithromycin and Stem Cell Engagement. Stem. Cell Rev Rep. 2020;16:434-40.
  11. Song P, Li W, Xie J, et al. Cytokine storm induced by SARS-CoV-2. ClinChimActa. 2020;509:280-87.
  12. Ana S, Darja D, Branka W, et al. Roles of Immune Mechanisms and Viral Load in the Pathogenesis of Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever.Clin VaccineImmunol.2010; 17: 1086-93.
  13. Walsh KA, Jordan K, Clyne B, et al. SARS-CoV-2 detection, viral load and infectivity over the course of an infection. J Infect. 2020;81:357-371.
  14. Liu WD, Chang SY, Wang J.et al. Prolonged virus shedding even after seroconversion in a patientwithCOVID-19. J .
  15. Infect. 2020 15.YongHuJiazhongSunZheDaiHaohuaDengXinLiQiHuangYuwenWuLiSunYanchengXu. Prevalence and severity of corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19): A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Virology.2020; 127: 104371.
  16. Abdulamir AS, Hafidh RR. The Possible Immunological Pathways for the Variable Immunopathogenesis of COVID—19 Infections among Healthy Adults, Elderly and Children. Electron J Gen Med. 2020;17:em202.
  17. Shahamah M,BasheeruddinAM,Al-Yamani J. Clinical efficacy of antivirals against novel coronavirus (COVID-19): A review.  J InfPublic Health. 2020;13: 1187-95.
  18. Rasheed AM, Fatak DF, Hashim HA, et al.The therapeutic potential of convalescent plasma therapy on treating critically-ill COVID-19 patients residing in respiratory care units in hospitals in Baghdad, Iraq.Infez Med. 2020; 28:357-66.
  19. Perelson AS, Rong L, Hayden FG. Combination antiviral therapy for influenza: predictions from modeling of human infections. J Infect Dis. 2012; 205:1642-45.
  20. Jamilloux Y, Henry T, Belot A, et al. Should we stimulate or suppress immune responses in COVID-19? Cytokine and anti-cytokine interventions. Autoimmun Rev. 2020;19:102567.
  21. McCreary EK, Angus DC. Efficacy of Remdesivir in COVID-19. JAMA. 2020;324:1041–42.
  22. van Kampen JJA, van de Vijver D, Fraaij PLA, et al.Shedding of infectious virus in hospitalized patients with coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19): duration and key determinants. medRxiv. 2020:2020.06.08.
  23. Ragab D, Salah Eldin H, Taeimah M, et al. The COVID-19 Cytokine Storm; What We Know So Far. Front Immunol. 2020;11:1446.
  24. Chowdhury MA, Hossain N, Kashem MA, et al. Immune response in COVID-19: A review.  J Infect Public Health. 2020; 42: S1876-0341.
  25. Liu WJ, Zhao M, Liu K, et al T-cell immunity of SARS-CoV: Implications for vaccine development against MERS-CoV. Antiviral Res. 2017;137:82-92.
  26. Le Bert N, Tan AT, Kunasegaran K, et al SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell immunity in cases of COVID-19 and SARS, and uninfected controls. Nature.2020; 584:457-62.
  27. Cañete PF, Vinuesa CG. COVID-19 Makes B Cells Forget, but T Cells Remember Cell. 2020;183:13-15.
  28. Mathew D, Giles JR, Baxter AE, et al. Deep immune profiling of COVID-19 patients reveals patient heterogeneity and distinct immunotypes with implications for therapeutic interventions. bioRxiv. 2020;2020.05.20.106401.
  29. Janeway CA Jr, Travers P, Walport M, et al. Immunobiology: The Immune System in Health and Disease. 5th edition. New York: Garland Science; 2001. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK10757/
  30. Yang AP, Liu JP, Tao WQ, et al.The diagnostic and predictive role of NLR, d-NLR and PLR in COVID-19 patients. IntImmunopharmacol. 2020;84:106504.
  31. Zhang H, Wu T. CD4+T, CD8+T counts and severe COVID-19: A meta-analysis. J Infect. 2020;81:e82-e84.
  32. Chen, Z., John Wherry, E. T cell responses in patients with COVID-19. Nat Rev Immunol.2020; 20: 529–36.
  33. Ovsyannikova IG, Haralambieva IH, Crooke SN, et al. The role of host genetics in the immune response to SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 susceptibility and severity. Immunol Rev. 2020;296:205-19.
  34. Mateus J, Grifoni A, Tarke A, et al. Selective and cross-reactive SARS-CoV-2 T cell epitopes in unexposed humans. Science. 2020;370:89-94.
  35. Doshi P. Covid-19: Do many people have pre-existing immunity? BMJ 2020; 370: :m3563.
  36. Edridge AWD, Kaczorowska J, Hoste ACR, et al.Seasonal coronavirus protective immunity is short-lasting.. Nat Med. 2020; 10:1201-5.
  37. Ibarrondo FJ, Fulcher JA, Goodman-Meza D, et al.Rapid decay of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in persons with mild Covid-19.N Engl J Med. 2020; 383:1085-87.

 

Iraqi Postgraduate Medical Journal
Volume 20, Issue 1
January 2021
Files
Share
Export Citation
Statistics