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Complementary Feeding Types, Timing and Practices by Mothers in Al-Kut City

,

Document Type : Research Paper

Abstract

BACKGROUND:
Complementary feeding is a process starting when breast/formula milk alone is no longer sufficient to meet the nutritional requirements of infants, and therefore other foods and liquids are needed, along with breast/formula milk.
AIM OF THE STUDY:
To determine the type and time of initial complementary feeding practiced by mothers in Kut City and its relation with some associated factors.
METHODS:
A descriptive primary health center-based study conducted on 500 mothers attending 29 primary health care centers in Al-Kut City for the period of 4 months extended between 1st of April to 31st of July 2017. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire by direct interview.
RESULTS:
The majority of children received food made from carbohydrates (Rice & Rice water, Porridge, Potato’s, Broths, and Biscuits) and Cerelac in percentage of 33.8 and 33.6 respectively.                      The majority of the complementary feeding was started at 6th month (49.6%).
CONCLUSION:
The majority of infants who attend primary health centers in Al-Kut city received cereal-based food and Cerelac as their first complementary food.
 

Keywords

References
1.     PAHO & WHO. Guiding principles for complementary feeding of the breastfed child. Division of Health Promotion and Protection. Food and Nutrition Program. Washington DC, 20037, 40 Pages, 2001. http://www.who.int/nutrition/publications/guiding_principles compfeeding_ breastfed.pdf.
2.     Sriram S, Soni P, Thanvi R, Prajapati N & Mehariya KM. Knowledge, Attitude and Practices of Mothers Regarding Infant Feeding Practices. National J of Med Research, 2013; 3: 147-50.
3.     WHO. Complementary Feeding of Young Children in Developing Countries: A Review of Current Scientific Knowledge. Geneva: WHO, 1998. (WHO/NUT/98.1.)
4.     Fewtrell MS, Morgan JB, Duggan C, Optimal duration of exclusive breastfeeding: what is the evidence to support current recommendations? American J of Clinical Nutrition, 2007;85: (Suppl): 635S-638S.
5.     WHO. Complementary feeding, 2016. [Internet]. [cited 8 March 2016]. Available from: http://www.who.int/elena/titles/complementary_feeding/en/.
6.     Complementary feeding Report of the global consultation, WHO Report 2001, Geneva, available at: http://www.who.int/nutrition/publications/ Complementary_Feeding.pdf.
7.     Black RE, Victora CG, Walker SP, Bhutta ZA, Christian P, de Onis M, et al. Maternal and child undernutrition and overweight in low-income and middle-income countries. Lancet, 2013;382: 427-51.
8.     Bhutta ZA, Ahmed T, Black RE, Cousens S, Dewey K, Giugliani E, et al. What works? Interventions for maternal and child undernutrition and survival. Lancet, 2008;37:417-40.
9.     Adrian J & Denial R. Impact of socio-economic factors on consumption of selected food nutrients in the United States. Amer J Agri Ecom, 1986;
10.      Shantibala, T., Lokeshwari, R. K., & Debaraj, H. Nutritional and antinutritional composition of the five species of aquatic edible insects consumed in Manipur, India. Journal of Insect Science, 2014 ; 14, 14. http://doi.org/10.1093/jis/14.1.14
11.Heymann J, Raub A & Earle A. Breastfeeding policy: a globally comparative analysis. WHO Bull, 2013; 91, 398–406.
12.Kramer MS, Kakuma R, Protecting Infants through Human Milk, Springer, 2004: 63–77.
13.WHO. The World Health Organization’s infant feeding recommendation, 2003. Available at www.who.int/nutrition/ topics/infantfeeding _recommendation/en.
14.Habicht JP; WHO Expert Consultation. Expert consultation on the optimal duration of exclusive breastfeeding: The Comparing Infant Nutrition Data Collection Methods process, recommendations, and challenges for the future. Adv Exp Med Biol, 2004; 554: 79-87.
15.Melaku U, Clive EW, Hans V, Jemal H, Joseph H. Factors associated with stunting in infants aged 5–11 months in the Dodota- Sire district. J Nutr, 2003; 133: 1064-69.
16.Victora CG, Bahl R, Barros AJD, The Lancet Breastfeeding Series Group. Breastfeeding 1: Breastfeeding in the 21st century: Epidemiology, mechanisms, and lifelong effect. Lancet, 2016;387: 475–90.
17.Wassitprovince.gov.iq. 2016 [cited 15 march 2016]. Available from: http://wassitprovince.gov.iq/%D8%B9%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%B7.
18.Morse, N., & Weiss, R. The Function and Meaning of Work and the Job. American Sociological Review, 1995; 20: 191-98. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/2088325).
19.Abdulkareem A. Knowledge attitude and practices (KAP) regarding feeding of 6-32 months old children among mothers attending family medicine centers in Baghdad, research, 2017,Al mustansiriyah university, college of medicine, department of community medicine.  NOT PUBLISHED YET
20.Almarzoki M. Sociocultural influences on feeding practices of children below two years in Babylon/Iraq.J of Advanced Med Research, 2015; 5:7-14.
21.Batal M. Complementary feeding patterns in a developing country: a cross-sectional study across Lebanon. Lebanon. Eastern Mediterranean Health J La Revue de Santé de la Méditerranée orientale Research, 2010.
22.Abdulla SM. Food habits in Iraq [Master’s thesis]. Alexandria, Egypt, High Institute of Public Health, University of Alexandria, 1979:100-107.
23.Wahiba SA. Improved feeding patterns in the prevention of childhood malnutrition. Gazette of the Egyptian Ped. Association, 1975, 23:97-109.
24.Friel JK, Hanning RM, Isaak CA, Prowse D, Miller AC. Canadian infants’ nutrient intakes from complementary foods during the first year of life. BMC Pediatrics, 2010; 10: 43.
25.WHO. Infant and young child feeding fact sheet, Sept 2016.available from: http://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/infant-and-young-child-feeding.
26.Das N, Chattopadhyay D, Chakraborty S, et al. Infant and young child feeding perceptions and practices among mothers in rural area of west Bengal, India. Ann Med Health Sci, Research, 2013.
27.Salih A. Factors influencing pattern of complementary feeding in the first two years of life. Baghdad, Research, 2007.
28.Molla M, Ejigu T & Nega G. “Complementary Feeding Practice and Associated Factors among Mothers Having Children 6–23 Months of Age, Lasta District, Amhara Region, Northeast Ethiopia,”. Advances in Public Health, 2017; 10:55-63.
 
 
1.     PAHO & WHO. Guiding principles for complementary feeding of the breastfed child. Division of Health Promotion and Protection. Food and Nutrition Program. Washington DC, 20037, 40 Pages, 2001. http://www.who.int/nutrition/publications/guiding_principles compfeeding_ breastfed.pdf.
2.     Sriram S, Soni P, Thanvi R, Prajapati N & Mehariya KM. Knowledge, Attitude and Practices of Mothers Regarding Infant Feeding Practices. National J of Med Research, 2013; 3: 147-50.
3.     WHO. Complementary Feeding of Young Children in Developing Countries: A Review of Current Scientific Knowledge. Geneva: WHO, 1998. (WHO/NUT/98.1.)
4.     Fewtrell MS, Morgan JB, Duggan C, Optimal duration of exclusive breastfeeding: what is the evidence to support current recommendations? American J of Clinical Nutrition, 2007;85: (Suppl): 635S-638S.
5.     WHO. Complementary feeding, 2016. [Internet]. [cited 8 March 2016]. Available from: http://www.who.int/elena/titles/complementary_feeding/en/.
6.     Complementary feeding Report of the global consultation, WHO Report 2001, Geneva, available at: http://www.who.int/nutrition/publications/ Complementary_Feeding.pdf.
7.     Black RE, Victora CG, Walker SP, Bhutta ZA, Christian P, de Onis M, et al. Maternal and child undernutrition and overweight in low-income and middle-income countries. Lancet, 2013;382: 427-51.
8.     Bhutta ZA, Ahmed T, Black RE, Cousens S, Dewey K, Giugliani E, et al. What works? Interventions for maternal and child undernutrition and survival. Lancet, 2008;37:417-40.
9.     Adrian J & Denial R. Impact of socio-economic factors on consumption of selected food nutrients in the United States. Amer J Agri Ecom, 1986;
10.      Shantibala, T., Lokeshwari, R. K., & Debaraj, H. Nutritional and antinutritional composition of the five species of aquatic edible insects consumed in Manipur, India. Journal of Insect Science, 2014 ; 14, 14. http://doi.org/10.1093/jis/14.1.14
11.Heymann J, Raub A & Earle A. Breastfeeding policy: a globally comparative analysis. WHO Bull, 2013; 91, 398–406.
12.
36
 
Kramer MS, Kakuma R, Protecting Infants through Human Milk, Springer, 2004: 63–77.
13.WHO. The World Health Organization’s infant feeding recommendation, 2003. Available at www.who.int/nutrition/ topics/infantfeeding _recommendation/en.
14.Habicht JP; WHO Expert Consultation. Expert consultation on the optimal duration of exclusive breastfeeding: The Comparing Infant Nutrition Data Collection Methods process, recommendations, and challenges for the future. Adv Exp Med Biol, 2004; 554: 79-87.
15.Melaku U, Clive EW, Hans V, Jemal H, Joseph H. Factors associated with stunting in infants aged 5–11 months in the Dodota- Sire district. J Nutr, 2003; 133: 1064-69.
16.Victora CG, Bahl R, Barros AJD, The Lancet Breastfeeding Series Group. Breastfeeding 1: Breastfeeding in the 21st century: Epidemiology, mechanisms, and lifelong effect. Lancet, 2016;387: 475–90.
17.Wassitprovince.gov.iq. 2016 [cited 15 march 2016]. Available from: http://wassitprovince.gov.iq/%D8%B9%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%B7.
18.Morse, N., & Weiss, R. The Function and Meaning of Work and the Job. American Sociological Review, 1995; 20: 191-98. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/2088325).
19.Abdulkareem A. Knowledge attitude and practices (KAP) regarding feeding of 6-32 months old children among mothers attending family medicine centers in Baghdad, research, 2017,Al mustansiriyah university, college of medicine, department of community medicine.  NOT PUBLISHED YET
20.Almarzoki M. Sociocultural influences on feeding practices of children below two years in Babylon/Iraq.J of Advanced Med Research, 2015; 5:7-14.
21.Batal M. Complementary feeding patterns in a developing country: a cross-sectional study across Lebanon. Lebanon. Eastern Mediterranean Health J La Revue de Santé de la Méditerranée orientale Research, 2010.
22.Abdulla SM. Food habits in Iraq [Master’s thesis]. Alexandria, Egypt, High Institute of Public Health, University of Alexandria, 1979:100-107.
23.Wahiba SA. Improved feeding patterns in the prevention of childhood malnutrition. Gazette of the Egyptian Ped. Association, 1975, 23:97-109.
24.Friel JK, Hanning RM, Isaak CA, Prowse D, Miller AC. Canadian infants’ nutrient intakes from complementary foods during the first year of life. BMC Pediatrics, 2010; 10: 43.
25.WHO. Infant and young child feeding fact sheet, Sept 2016.available from: http://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/infant-and-young-child-feeding.
26.Das N, Chattopadhyay D, Chakraborty S, et al. Infant and young child feeding perceptions and practices among mothers in rural area of west Bengal, India. Ann Med Health Sci, Research, 2013.
27.Salih A. Factors influencing pattern of complementary feeding in the first two years of life. Baghdad, Research, 2007.
28.
37
 
Molla M, Ejigu T & Nega G. “Complementary Feeding Practice and Associated Factors among Mothers Having Children 6–23 Months of Age, Lasta District, Amhara Region, Northeast Ethiopia,”. Advances in Public Health, 2017; 10:55-63.
 
 
Iraqi Postgraduate Medical Journal
Volume 21, Issue 1
January 2022
Page 30-37
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